Tax Glossary UK - Glossario Tasse Imposte Fiscale UK
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Backwards or Forwards Spreading

A tax relief which enables authors and artists to spread their income forwards or backwards.

It recognises the time taken to complete the work giving rise to the income.

You may spread income back for two years if it took you between one and two years to create the work, or back for two years if it took more than two years to create.

Forwards spreading may apply if you receive a lump sum instead of future annual royalties.

Bad Debts

If a customer of a business fails to pay the bill for goods or services received, the unpaid amount is a "bad debt".

Although the sale is included in the declared turnover, the bad debt is an allowable expense.

Where tenants fail to pay rent due, the bad debts are allowable rental expenses.

Balancing Allowances

A type of capital allowance that may be given if you sell an asset for less than its tax written down value.

Balancing allowances are not given on items of plant that are included in the general capital allowances pool until the business ceases.

Balancing Charge

Withdrawal of some or all of the capital allowances previously given.

They arise when fixed assets stop being used in your business.

Balancing charges may be made on the general capital allowances pool if the proceeds of sale of pooled assets exceed the tax written down value of the whole pool.

Bank

An approved company that accepts monetary deposits or loans money. In the UK, the Bank of England approves all banks.

Bank Charges

Charges raised by a bank for the day to day running of your bank account such as overdraft charges, charges levied on the number of cheques issued and so on.

Bare Trust

Bare Trust is a term used to describe a situation where one party (party A) holds an asset (such as shares) on behalf of another party (party B).

The income arising on the asset is taxed as part of party B's taxable income, and any capital gains as part of party B's capital gains.

Base Rate

Most interest rates are linked to the Base Rate.

The Bank of England meets monthly to decide what the base rate should be set at.

The base rate determines how much other banks and building societies pay for loans they take out from the Bank of England.

These base rates in turn affect the interest rate you pay for loans.

Basis of Accounting Accruals

The method of accounting which adjusts for accruals at the beginning and end of the accounting period, so that the income included in the accounts is that earned during the accounting period, and the expenses are those incurred during the accounting period.

For example you should include sales you have made but which you have not yet been paid for, and the cost of electricity which you have used but have not paid for, even if you have not yet been billed for it.

Basis of Accounting Cash

The method of accounting which only includes income actually received during the accounting period and expenses actually paid during the accounting period.

Some business use a modified cash basis, including income when it is received, but including expenses on an accruals basis.

You may not use the cash basis for accounting periods beginning on or after 7 April 1999.

Basis Period

The period used to identify the profits taxable in any particular tax year.

Normally the Basis Period is the same as the accounting period, but special rules apply in the first three tax years of trading, on a change of accounting date, and on cessation.

Beneficiary

Someone who receives a benefit from someone or something. Most commonly used to refer to a person who receives income or capital from a trust, or from the estate of a deceased person.

Benefits Agency

An agency belonging to the Department of Social Security which is responsible for calculating entitlement to, and for paying, state benefits such as Income Support and so on.

Benefits (from Employment)

Part of your remuneration package paid not in cash, but in kind. Includes the use of company assets such as company cars, low interest loans and so on.

Benefits (State)

Benefits which the Government pays to certain individuals in certain situations.

Examples are jobseeker's allowance, incapacity benefit, disability benefits and so on.

Blind Person's Allowance

An extra allowance you are entitled to if your sight has failed and you are registered as blind (registers do not exist in Scotland or Northern Ireland).

Bonus Issue

A free issue of shares to existing shareholders in proportion to their existing shares.

This is the same as a Scrip Issue, but is not the same as a scrip dividend.

Bonuses

An extra reward paid by employers to employees either at a certain time of the year such as at Christmas, or in recognition of a good performance.

The bonuses can be anything from cash to a holiday or a valuable asset.

Books, Magazines, References

If you are self employed, the cost of books, magazines and reference sources are tax deductible provided they are used for business purposes.

If you are employed by a third party, it is very difficult to get tax relief as they must be bought "wholly, exclusively and necessarily" in the performance of the employment.

Branch Sort Code

Used by the bank to identify which branch of that bank holds your account. It is a series of 6 numbers, which are normally found in the top right hand corner of your cheques.

Building Society

Similar to a bank but owned by members of the building society rather than shareholders in a company (bank).

Business

Broadly, you are in business if you are trading with a view to making a profit.

There are criteria to differentiate between a business and a hobby. If in doubt, contact the Inland Revenue, accountant or Tax Advisor.

Business Expenses

Expenses of a business incurred in earning the profits of the business.

Not all business expenses are allowable for tax purposes.

Business Income

Income derived by the business from sales, fees and so on.

Business Losses

Losses made by a business where business expenses exceed business income.

You need to adjust business losses to arrive at allowable losses for tax purposes.

Business Start Up Allowance

A government benefit paid to assist unemployed people in setting up their own business. Payments are taxable. Now more commonly known as Enterprise Allowance.

Business Travel

Travel between places of work, or to a place of work to carry out duties there, but excluding private travel and ordinary commuting.

AVVERTENZE D'UTILIZZO: Il presente glossario contiene una definizione dei termini più utilizzati in ambito fiscale e d'imposte nel Regno Unito.
La spiegazione di ciascuno dei termini indicati in questo glossario è di carattere meramente orientativo e priva di valore legale; si raccomanda, quindi, di tenere conto del contesto e dell'evento in cui essi vanno applicati, in quanto il significato loro attribuito potrebbe differire rispetto a quello qui rappresentato.
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